Biochemistry – Theory | Study material | Notes | Books | B Pharmacy 2nd sem

Biochemistry – Theory | Study material | Notes | Books | B Pharmacy 2nd sem :-

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Biochemistry -  Theory syllabus :-

UNIT I

 •  Biological oxidation Electron  transport  chain  (ETC)  and  its  mechanism.
 •  Biomolecules Introduction,    classification,    chemical    nature    and    biological    role    of carbohydrate,  lipids,  nucleic  acids,  amino  acids  and  proteins. •  Bioenergetics Concept  of  free  energy,  endergonic  and  exergonic  reaction,  Relationship between  free  energy,  enthalpy and  entropy;  Redox  potential. Energy  rich  compounds;  classification;  biological  significances  of  ATP and  cyclic  AMP

UNIT II

•  Carbohydrate metabolism Glycolysis  –  Pathway,  energetics  and  significance Citric  acid  cycle-  Pathway,  energetics  and  significance HMP   shunt    and    its   significance;    Glucose-6-Phosphate    dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency Glycogen  metabolism  Pathways  and  glycogen  storage  diseases  (GSD) Gluconeogenesis-  Pathway and  its  significance Hormonal  regulation  of  blood  glucose  level  and  Diabetes  mellitus
•  Biological oxidation Electron  transport  chain  (ETC)  and  its  mechanism.
Oxidative  phosphorylation  &  its  mechanism  and  substrate level phosphorylation Inhibitors  ETC  and  oxidative  phosphorylation/Uncouplers

UNIT III

•  Lipid metabolism β-Oxidation  of  saturated  fatty acid  (Palmitic  acid).
 Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid) Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D Disorders  of  lipid  metabolism:  Hypercholesterolemia,  atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity.
• Amino acid metabolism General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle and its disorders Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders (Phenyketonuria, Albinism, alkeptonuria, tyrosinemia) Synthesis  and  significance of  biological  substances;  5-HT,  melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice.


UNIT IV

 • Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides Catabolism of purine nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout disease Organization of mammalian genome Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions DNA replication (semi conservative model) Transcription or RNA synthesis Genetic code, Translation or Protein synthesis and inhibitors.

UNIT V

 • Enzymes Introduction, properties, nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot) Enzyme inhibitors with examples Regulation  of  enzymes:  enzyme  induction  and  repression,  allosteric enzymes regulation Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes Coenzymes –Structure and biochemical functions.